🪄 3A 核心词汇表 (Target Vocabulary)
01
fundamental
adj.
B2
/ˌfʌndəˈmentl/
释义 Definition
forming the base, from which everything else develops; basic and essential
根本的，基础的，原始的
课文例句 Example
“Knowledge is fundamental to all human achievements and progress.”
02
exposed
adj.
B2
/ɪkˈspoʊzd/
释义 Definition
having no protection from dangerous, harmful, or unpleasant things
暴露的，无遮蔽的，接触到的
课文例句 Example
“TV footage of the landing appears to show a flag flapping, as if exposed to a studio fan.”
03
implication
n.
C1
/ˌɪmplɪˈkeɪʃn/
释义 Definition
an occasion when you seem to suggest something without saying it directly; a possible effect
暗示，启示，可能的影响或后果
课文例句 Example
“According to some, the implication of this is that someone else must have taken the photos.”
04
retain
v.
C1
/rɪˈteɪn/
释义 Definition
to keep or continue to have something; to preserve
保持，保留，保有
课文例句 Example
“Prints made on the moon's super-fine dust retain their original form thanks to the airless atmosphere.”
05
consensus
n.
C1
/kənˈsensəs/
释义 Definition
a generally accepted opinion or decision among a group of people
共识，一致的意见
课文例句 Example
“Doubters have declared war on the consensus of experts.”
06
discipline
n.
C2
/ˈdɪsəplɪn/
释义 Definition
a particular area of study, especially a subject studied at a college or university
学科，学术领域，纪律
课文例句 Example
“Scientific disciplines require strict adherence to empirical evidence and replicability.”
07
institution
n.
B2
/ˌɪnstɪˈtuːʃn/
释义 Definition
a large and important organization, such as a university, bank, or governing body
机构，团体，制度
课文例句 Example
“Public trust in major societal institutions—such as governments and universities—has eroded.”
08
distinguish
v.
B2
/dɪˈstɪŋɡwɪʃ/
释义 Definition
to notice or understand the difference between two things, or to make one person or thing seem different
区分，辨别，分清
课文例句 Example
“The world seems full of real and imaginary hazards, and distinguishing the former from the latter isn't easy.”
09
rational
adj.
C1
/ˈræʃnəl/
释义 Definition
based on clear thought and reason rather than on emotions or false ideas
理性的，合理的，基于清醒思考的
课文例句 Example
“We like to believe we are rational beings, but cognitive biases frequently skew our judgments.”
10
bias
n.
C1
/ˈbaɪəs/
释义 Definition
an unfair personal opinion that influences your judgment; a prejudice
偏见，偏向，倾向性
课文例句 Example
“Confirmation bias leads people to accept only facts that fit their preexisting worldviews.”
Reading 3A: The Age of Disbelief · 课文互动精读
💭 Before You Read · 课前探讨与背景预测 (P.54)
1. Vaccine Skepticism: Why do some individuals vehemently doubt vaccines or claim they cause health harm?
Teacher's Guide · 核心素养与参考思路
They are concerned vaccines are unsafe, relying on online anecdotes or debunked studies rather than controlled clinical trials.
2. Causes of Skepticism: Why has public trust in scientific experts and government institutions eroded in the Internet era?
Teacher's Guide · 核心素养与参考思路
Misinformation spreads virally on social media. Tribal political identities and intuitive naive beliefs often overpower empirical consensus.
Paragraph A
A Rising Tide of Skepticism (怀疑浪潮的高涨)
1
We live in an age when all manner of scientific knowledge—from the safety of vaccines to the reality of climate change—faces organized and often angry opposition.
2
Doubters have declared war on the consensus of experts.
3
There are so many of these controversies these days, you'd think an evil villain had put something in the water to make people argumentative.
Paragraph B
Complexity and Discomfort (科技复杂性与心理不安)
1
In a sense, all this is not surprising.
2
Our lives are affected by science and technology as never before.
3
For many of us, this new world is comfortable and rich in rewards, but also more complicated and sometimes unnerving.
4
We now face risks we can't easily analyze.
Paragraph C
Imaginary Hazards and Mad Scientists (想象中的危险与疯狂科学家的阴影)
1
We're asked to accept, for example, that it's safe to eat food containing genetically modified organisms.
2
Experts say there's no evidence that it isn't safe and no reason to believe that altering genes in a lab is more dangerous than altering them through traditional breeding.
3
But to some people, the very idea of transferring genes between species brings up images of mad scientists running wild.
Paragraph D
Superstitions in the Internet Age (互联网时代的非理性恐慌)
1
The world seems full of real and imaginary hazards, and distinguishing the former from the latter isn't easy.
2
Should we be afraid that the Ebola virus will mutate into an airborne super plague?
3
The scientific consensus says that's extremely unlikely.
4
No virus has ever been observed to completely change its mode of transmission in humans.
5
Yet if you type 'airborne Ebola' into a search engine, you'll find people convinced the virus has almost supernatural powers.
Paragraph E
The Nature of Scientific Inquiry (科学探究的本质)
1
Scientific progress does not follow a straight, uncontested path.
2
Science is not a body of established, immovable dogmas, but a continuous method of rigorous inquiry.
3
Even when theories are tested and established, scientists remain open to revision should compelling new empirical evidence emerge.
Paragraph F
Naive Beliefs and Intuitive Physics (直觉常识与反直觉科学)
1
The trouble goes way back, of course.
2
The scientific method has led us to truths that are less than self-evident, often mind-blowing, and sometimes hard to accept.
3
Even university students who have aced physics courses still hold on to naive, pre-scientific intuitions about motion and gravity.
Paragraph G
The Persistence of Gut Feelings (直觉偏见的长存)
1
As we become scientifically literate, we repress our naive beliefs, but they never completely disappear.
2
They lurk in the shadows of our subconscious minds.
3
Whenever we are rushed, distracted, or emotionally agitated, these intuitive biases resurface to cloud our rational judgment.
Paragraph H
Anecdote vs. Controlled Analysis (个人逸事与严密统计的对抗)
1
Most of us navigate daily life by relying on personal experience, anecdotes, and pattern-seeking instincts.
2
If a child receives a vaccine and is subsequently diagnosed with autism, grief-stricken parents naturally look for a causal connection.
3
Random statistical clustering makes people perceive patterns where only coincidence exists.
Paragraph I
Determining Real Causality (辨析真实因果与统计聚集)
1
True causality can only be established through rigorous, double-blind testing and epidemiological analysis.
2
When scientists investigated the alleged vaccine-autism link across millions of subjects, they found zero statistical correlation.
3
Yet the emotional weight of a personal story often overpowers pages of rigorous statistical charts.
Paragraph J
The Crucible of Peer Review (严苛的同行评审熔炉)
1
Science works because scientists are deeply competitive and perpetually skeptical of each other's claims.
2
They actively try to replicate experiments, search for methodology flaws, and shoot down flawed hypotheses.
3
Peer review is a harsh crucible designed to weed out confirmation bias and fraud.
Paragraph K
Confirmation Bias and Cherry-Picking (确认偏误与挑肥拣瘦)
1
In contrast, non-scientific thinkers often fall prey to confirmation bias.
2
They begin with a cherished conclusion and cherry-pick only the tidbits of information that reinforce their existing worldviews.
3
Anything that contradicts their preconceptions is immediately dismissed as corrupted or irrelevant.
Paragraph L
The Threat to Herd Immunity (群体免疫的崩塌威胁)
1
The consequences of science denial are far from harmless.
2
When vaccination rates drop below threshold levels, the herd immunity protecting vulnerable newborns and immunocompromised patients collapses.
3
Preventable diseases such as measles, once nearly eradicated, come roaring back.
Paragraph M
Climate Reality vs. Political Identity (气候现实与政治认同)
1
In 2014, the United Nations' Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change warned of catastrophic sea level rise and extreme weather.
2
Yet political identity frequently trumps scientific reality.
3
Accepting climate change is often perceived by certain groups as an endorsement of government taxes and economic regulation.
Paragraph N
Cultural Cognition and Tribal Affiliation (文化认知与部落化归属)
1
Sociologist Dan Kahan notes that people evaluate scientific claims based on tribal affiliation and cultural cognition.
2
Egalitarian, community-minded individuals tend to support regulations and trust environmental science.
3
Hierarchical, individualistic individuals fiercely oppose government intervention and view environmental claims with suspicion.
📝 3A 预习全真练习 (Preview Exercises)
Reading Comprehension Part A (P.58)
Reading Comprehension Part B: Venn Diagram (P.59)
Reading Skill: Figurative Language (P.60)
预习练习得分: 0 / 19 题
Reading Comprehension Part A (P.58)
GIST · 课文主旨
1. Which of the following would be the best alternative title for the passage?
INFERENCE · 观点推断
2. Which of these beliefs would the author probably agree with?
INFERENCE · 细节推断
3. What does the author imply about 'naive beliefs' in Paragraph G?
APPLICATION · 场景应用
4. What would the author probably advise people living near a waste dump with a cancer cluster?
DETAIL · 否定判断
5. What does the author NOT say about scientists who review the work of others in Paragraph J?
COHESION · 句子插入
6. Where would be the best place in paragraph P to insert: 'The journal later retracted the study because of inaccuracies in the findings.'?
CAUSE & EFFECT · 因果分析
7. According to the author, the 'science communication problem' is largely caused by the fact that:
Reading Comprehension Part B: Venn Diagram (P.59)
VENN DIAGRAM · 文化认知分类
Part B-1. 'Distrust government intervention and economic regulation' is typical of:
VENN DIAGRAM · 文化认知分类
Part B-2. 'Question the motivations and environmental record of the energy industry' is typical of:
VENN DIAGRAM · 文化认知分类
Part B-3. 'Access online information that primarily reinforces preexisting beliefs' is typical of:
VENN DIAGRAM · 文化认知分类
Part B-4. 'Believe that accepting climate change could lead to oppressive new regulations' is typical of:
VENN DIAGRAM · 文化认知分类
Part B-5. 'Vehemently oppose higher taxes on corporations and individuals' is typical of:
VENN DIAGRAM · 文化认知分类
Part B-6. 'Support strict government regulations on polluting industries' is typical of:
VENN DIAGRAM · 文化认知分类
Part B-7. 'Readily accept the overwhelming findings of mainstream climate scientists' is typical of:
Reading Skill: Figurative Language (P.60)
READING SKILL · 修辞格辨析
1. 'He told so many lies he became known as \"the Pinocchio of Politics.\"' uses which device?
READING SKILL · 修辞格辨析
2. 'The view from the stage was daunting—a sea of wide-eyed faces waiting silently.' uses:
READING SKILL · 修辞格辨析
3. 'When distinguishing fake from real news, a trustworthy news source can be your best friend.' uses:
READING SKILL · 修辞格辨析
4. '"Doubters have declared war on the consensus of experts" and "an evil villain put something in the water"' are examples of:
READING SKILL · 修辞格辨析
5. Why do authors employ figurative language in non-fiction scientific essays?
💡 Critical Thinking · 审辩思维与自我反思 (P.59)
Applying Ideas: Looking at Dan Kahan's Venn diagram, do you identify more as egalitarian/community-minded or hierarchical/individualistic? Can citizens truly be categorized neatly into these two camps?
Teacher's Guide · 参考视角与辩证启发
Most individuals hold complex, multidimensional views that defy strict binary polarization depending on the context.
📘 3A 核心词汇掌握打卡
请自主朗读并检测以下 10 个核心词汇，勾选已熟练掌握的单词：
fundamental
/ˌfʌndəˈmentl/
根本的，基础的，原始的
exposed
/ɪkˈspoʊzd/
暴露的，无遮蔽的，接触到的
implication
/ˌɪmplɪˈkeɪʃn/
暗示，启示，可能的影响或后果
retain
/rɪˈteɪn/
保持，保留，保有
consensus
/kənˈsensəs/
共识，一致的意见
discipline
/ˈdɪsəplɪn/
学科，学术领域，纪律
institution
/ˌɪnstɪˈtuːʃn/
机构，团体，制度
distinguish
/dɪˈstɪŋɡwɪʃ/
区分，辨别，分清
rational
/ˈræʃnəl/
理性的，合理的，基于清醒思考的
bias
/ˈbaɪəs/
偏见，偏向，倾向性
📝 3A 词汇实战强化 (Vocabulary Practice)
复习练习得分: 0 / 12 题
Part A: Completion (P.61)
VOCABULARY PRACTICE · 语境选词
1. Neil Armstrong said: 'Knowledge is ________ to all human achievements and progress.'
VOCABULARY PRACTICE · 语境选词
2. TV footage appeared to show the lunar flag flapping, as if ________ to a studio wind fan.
VOCABULARY PRACTICE · 语境选词
3. Conspiracists argued the ________ was that someone else must have taken the astronauts' photo.
VOCABULARY PRACTICE · 语境选词
4. Footprints made on the moon's fine dust ________ their original sharp form in the vacuum.
VOCABULARY PRACTICE · 语境选词
5. The overwhelming ________ among scientists is that the Apollo moon landing truly took place.
Part B: Definitions (P.61)
VOCABULARY PRACTICE · 词义辨析
1. A discipline is an activity or field of study that:
VOCABULARY PRACTICE · 词义辨析
2. Major societal institutions primarily include:
VOCABULARY PRACTICE · 词义辨析
3. If you distinguish one thing from another, you understand how they are:
VOCABULARY PRACTICE · 词义辨析
4. If an argument is rational, it is firmly based on:
Part C: Word Usage (Bias / Prejudice) (P.61)
WORD USAGE · 近义精析
1. Which word means 'a general tendency to favor one thing or perspective over another'?
WORD USAGE · 近义精析
2. Which word means 'an unreasonable, preconceived negative feeling towards a group'?
WORD USAGE · 近义精析
3. Which word means 'the unfair behavioral treatment of a specific group of people'?
🏆 Unit 3A 学习通关
完成全部阅读练习与词汇复习后，可打卡并解锁 Unit 3B！
HONOR CERTIFICATE · 结课证书
0 / 19
预习题得分
0 / 12
词汇实战得分
0 / 31
总计挑战得分