🪄 12B 词汇表
block
/blɒk/
v./n.
📖 英文释义 · 词义解析
To prevent movement through something by putting something in the way.
阻挡，堵塞；大块
💬 课本原句例句
Here, progress was blocked by a sump—a passage filled with water.
在库鲁伯亚拉地下洞穴深处，前进的道路常常被注满刺骨冰水且毫无呼吸空间的狭窄水下暗缝彻底堵塞。
conquer
/ˈkɒŋ.kər/
v.
📖 英文释义 · 词义解析
To take control of a problem, or reach an extremely difficult summit/depth.
征服，克服
💬 课本原句例句
The team also hoped to be the first to reach a depth of 2,000 meters, a feat compared to conquering the North and South Poles.
国际联合探险科考队立志要成为人类历史上首个下潜突破地下两千米深度的队伍，其艰难险阻堪比征服地球南北极点。
depth
/depθ/
n.
📖 英文释义 · 词义解析
The distance down from the top surface to the bottom of something.
深度，深处
💬 课本原句例句
Krubera, in the western Caucasus Mountains, is the deepest known cave in the world.
坐落于西高加索崇山峻岭深处的库鲁伯亚拉洞穴，是目前全人类已探明的已知世界最深竖井溶洞系统。
disappointed
/ˌdɪs.əˈpɔɪn.tɪd/
adj.
📖 英文释义 · 词义解析
Unhappy because someone or something was not as good as you hoped.
失望的，沮丧的
💬 课本原句例句
Gennady Samokhin dove to the bottom but was disappointed: “No chance to get through,” he said.
当潜水先锋潜入浑浊的冰冷深水坑底部却发现被坚硬的巨石封死通路时，难掩失望神色地摇头表示暂无可能通过。
ease
/iːz/
v./n.
📖 英文释义 · 词义解析
To make or become less severe, difficult, or painful; facilitate.
减轻，使容易，缓解；舒适
💬 课本原句例句
And each day, they left miles of rope behind them to ease their return ascent, and phone lines to communicate with people above.
洞穴探险队员在沿途铺设了长达数公里的静态攀登绳索，以缓解往返运输沉重给养时体力透支的巨大困难。
emerge
/ɪˈmɜːdʒ/
v.
📖 英文释义 · 词义解析
To appear by coming out of something or out from behind something.
浮现，出现，显现
💬 课本原句例句
After a short test dive, Samokhin emerged, smiling.
在冒死完成一次极其凶险的水下探路潜水后，先锋探险家终于从水坑另一端破水浮现而出，脸上洋溢着欣慰的微笑。
necessity
/nəˈses.ə.ti/
n.
📖 英文释义 · 词义解析
The state of being needed or something that is needed; essential thing.
必需品，必要性
💬 课本原句例句
They climbed down ropes through huge tunnels, and crawled through tight passages known as “squeezes.” Bringing over five tons of equipment and other necessities with them, they established underground camps along the route.
队员们随身携带了重达五吨以上的精密潜水设备、干粮罐头以及其他野外地下生存必需品，在沿途建立了多处中转营地。
out of time
/aʊt ɒv taɪm/
phr.
📖 英文释义 · 词义解析
Having no more time available to finish doing something.
耗尽时间，时间所剩无几
💬 课本原句例句
After nearly four weeks underground, with supplies running low, the team was out of time.
在幽暗冰冷的地下绝境中连续苦战了近四个星期后，随着全队给养告罄，探险队面临着时间所剩无几的撤退底线。
relatively
/ˈrel.ə.tɪv.li/
adv.
📖 英文释义 · 词义解析
Quite good, bad, etc. in comparison with other similar things or with what you expect.
相对地，比较而言
💬 课本原句例句
Four weeks later, following the path opened by García-Dils’s team, a team of Ukrainian cavers reached the sump at 1,840 meters relatively quickly.
跟随着前锋队伍打通并铺设好安全绳索的指引通道，后续乌克兰洞穴探险队在相对轻松顺利的条件下抵达了新的深度记录点。
supplies
/səˈplaɪz/
n.
📖 英文释义 · 词义解析
Food or other essential things necessary for living or an expedition.
供给物资，必需品
💬 课本原句例句
After nearly four weeks underground, with supplies running low, the team was out of time.
在地下两千米深处摸索近一个月后，眼看全队维持生命的发电机燃油与食品物资即将见底，队长必须下达撤离命令。
📖 课文原文 · Dark Descent
Paragraph A
It’s August 2004.
Caver Sergio García-Dils de la Vega kisses his girlfriend good-bye at the entrance of Krubera Cave.
Krubera, in the western Caucasus Mountains, is the deepest known cave in the world.
It will be weeks before he sees her again.
Paragraph B
A member of an international team of 56 cavers from seven countries, García-Dils’s mission was to explore Krubera.
The team also hoped to be the first to reach a depth of 2,000 meters, a feat compared to conquering the North and South Poles.
One team member even described descending into Krubera as “like climbing an inverted mountain.”
Paragraph C
Like climbers making their way up that famous peak, the cavers descended slowly.
They climbed down ropes through huge tunnels, and crawled through tight passages known as “squeezes.”
Bringing over five tons of equipment and other necessities with them, they established underground camps along the route.
At each camp, they stopped to rest, eat, sleep, and plan the next part of the journey.
Some days, they worked for up to 20 hours at a time.
And each day, they left miles of rope behind them to ease their return ascent, and phone lines to communicate with people above.
Paragraph D
In the third week, they reached 1,775 meters, the deepest point achieved by cavers so far.
Here, progress was blocked by a sump—a passage filled with water.
The cavers had only a few options: They could empty out all the water, dive through, or go around it.
Gennady Samokhin dove to the bottom but was disappointed: “No chance to get through,” he said.
Searching for a way around the sump, García-Dils risked entering a cascade of near-freezing water.
“The water was so cold, I lost the feeling in my fingers,” he said. He, too, was unsuccessful.
Paragraph E
Finally, the team found a way around the sump through a tight passage they called the “Way to the Dream.”
At first, they were thrilled. However, it soon led to yet another sump at 1,840 meters.
After a short test dive, Samokhin emerged, smiling. There was a promising passage, he reported.
Sadly, it would have to wait. After nearly four weeks underground, with supplies running low, the team was out of time. They would have to return to the surface.
Paragraph F
Four weeks later, following the path opened by García-Dils’s team, a team of Ukrainian cavers reached the sump at 1,840 meters relatively quickly.
After much searching, they discovered a pit—an area of a cave that falls straight down.
Named “Millennium Pit,” it allowed them to pass the 2,000-meter depth.
More pits and passages led them to 2,080 meters, a spot they named “Game Over.”
But the caving game is never over.
In 2009, Gennady Samokhin returned to Krubera. This time, he reached a depth of 2,191 meters.
Then, in 2012, he broke his own record, diving to a point six meters deeper, at a total depth of 2,197 meters.
And so the game goes on, with deeper and deeper caves calling out to be explored.
📌 课本原版注释 (Footnotes):
1. The Caucasus Mountains: In the country of Georgia, between the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea.（高加索山脉）
2. Inverted: Upside down.（倒置的，倒挂的）
3. Ton: A unit of weight equal to 2,000 pounds, or 909 kilograms.（吨）
4. Cascade: Falling water.（倾泻的瀑布）
得分: 0
Before You Read · p.189
A. Match each speleology (cave exploration) term with its definition.
squeeze · sump · pit
squeeze · sump · pit
1. squeeze
2. sump
3. pit
Reading Comprehension · p.192
A. Choose the best answer for each question.
1. What is the main topic of Reading B?
2. Where is Veryovkina Cave located?
3. According to paragraph C, what makes super-deep caving physically grueling?
4. What is a “sump” in deep caving, and why is it dangerous?
5. What depth did the Russian expedition achieve in Veryovkina Cave in 2018?
B. True, False, or Not Given based on Reading B.
1. Veryovkina is deeper than Mount Everest is tall.
2. Cavers spend over a week underground during deep expeditions.
3. Emergency rescues from 2,000 meters deep are quick and routine.
4. Water temperatures inside the cave are close to freezing.
5. Flash floods from surface storms pose deadly threats to cavers.
Reading Skill · p.193
Reading Skill Strategy
Reading Elevation Cross-Sections and Depth Maps
Depth cross-sections show cave profiles descending from mountain peaks to underground sumps.
Track elevation markers and camp locations (Camp 1, Camp 2, Terminal Sump).
A. Identify key milestones on the Veryovkina depth map.
1. The final terminal lake is called ______.
2. The total vertical depth exceeds ______ meters.
Critical Thinking · The Inner Space Frontier. Deep caving has been called “mountaineering in reverse.” How is exploring deep caves harder than climbing high peaks?
📘 12B 核心词汇
点击发音跟读，展开中文释义检查记忆。
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中文释义
阻挡，堵塞；大块跟读 0 次
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征服，克服跟读 0 次
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深度，深处跟读 0 次
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失望的，沮丧的跟读 0 次
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减轻，使容易，缓解；舒适跟读 0 次
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浮现，出现，显现跟读 0 次
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必需品，必要性跟读 0 次
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耗尽时间，时间所剩无几跟读 0 次
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相对地，比较而言跟读 0 次
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供给物资，必需品得分: 0
Vocabulary Practice A · p.194
Complete the sentences using words from the box.
blocks · conquer · necessity · out of time · supplies
blocks · conquer · necessity · out of time · supplies
1. A massive rockfall ______ the narrow tunnel passage.
2. Carrying sufficient ______ of food and batteries is critical.
3. Warm waterproof thermal wear is an absolute ______ in freezing caves.
4. Explorers battled exhaustion to ______ the deepest cave on Earth.
5. With floodwaters rising rapidly, the team was running ______.
Vocabulary Practice B · Words in Context
Choose the correct word to complete each sentence.
depth · ease · emerged · relatively
depth · ease · emerged · relatively
1. Veryovkina descends to a dizzying ______ of over 2,200 meters.
2. Experienced cavers climbed the vertical rope with apparent ______.
3. After ten grueling days underground, the exhausted team finally ______ into sunlight.
4. The upper entrance passages are ______ accessible compared to the sumps.
Vocabulary Practice C · Collocations with “supplies”
Complete the phrases using words from the box.
choice · gas · necessity · supplies
choice · gas · necessity · supplies
1. medical ______ (bandages and antiseptic)
2. fuel and ______ for lamps and cookers
3. vital ______ for survival
4. limited ______ of routes
🏆 Reading Explorer 2 · 12B 荣誉通关证书
Dark Descent (深入黑暗深渊)
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