🪄 11A 词汇表
average
/ˈæv.ər.ɪdʒ/
adj./n.
📖 英文释义 · 词义解析
Standard, typical, or normal; calculated by adding amounts and dividing.
平均的，普通的；平均数
💬 课本原句例句
When asked to rate their understanding, the volunteers gave an average answer of 2.
根据行为心理学家的长期大数据跟踪统计，普通成年人每天有将近百分之四十的行为属于无意识的习惯本能。
concept
/ˈkɒn.sept/
n.
📖 英文释义 · 词义解析
A principle or idea of something that exists.
概念，观念
💬 课本原句例句
Most volunteers rated themselves 1 out of 7, meaning they did not understand the concept.
神经生物学界提出的“习惯回路”概念，为人们理解人类行为模式形成的生物机理提供了极其关键的理论基础。
encounter
/ɪnˈkaʊn.tər/
v./n.
📖 英文释义 · 词义解析
To experience something, especially something unpleasant; meet unexpectedly.
遇到，遭遇
💬 课本原句例句
“I don’t think it’s possible to train individuals to verify everything that they encounter,” Sloman admits.
当人们在每天日常生活中遇到某种熟悉的环境线索刺激时，大脑便会自动触发相应的既定习惯反应模式。
experiment
/ɪkˈsper.ɪ.mənt/
n./v.
📖 英文释义 · 词义解析
A test done in order to learn something or discover if something works.
实验，试验
💬 课本原句例句
In one experiment, Sloman and a colleague invented a discovery called helium rain.
麻省理工学院的研究人员通过在迷宫中对实验白鼠进行神经电极监测实验，首次揭示了基底核对习惯存储的掌控机制。
individual
/ˌɪn.dɪˈvɪdʒ.u.əl/
n./adj.
📖 英文释义 · 词义解析
A single person, especially when considered separately from other people.
个人，个体；单独的
💬 课本原句例句
“I don’t think it’s possible to train individuals to verify everything that they encounter,” Sloman admits.
虽然每个人养成的具体生活习惯各不相同，但习惯回路在大脑神经元中所遵循的底层神经运作机制却惊人一致。
media
/ˈmiː.di.ə/
n.
📖 英文释义 · 词义解析
The internet, newspapers, television, etc., by which information is shared.
媒体，大众传媒
💬 课本原句例句
Think of the headlines and stories that are shared on your social media feed every day.
当代社交媒体智能推荐算法通过精准设计各种提示与即时多巴胺奖励，使用户在不知不觉中对其产生高度心理依赖习惯。
norm
/nɔːm/
n.
📖 英文释义 · 词义解析
An accepted standard or a way of behaving that most people consider normal.
准则，规范，常态
💬 课本原句例句
“Develop a norm in your community that says, ‘We should check things and not just take them at face value,’” Sloman says.
在许多现代大都市的写字楼里，清晨到公司先手冲一杯浓缩咖啡已经成为了白领员工之间心照不宣的社交工作常态。
rely on
/rɪˈlaɪ ɒn/
phr.
📖 英文释义 · 词义解析
To depend on someone or something with confidence.
依赖，依靠
💬 课本原句例句
It’s an example of how we often rely on intuitive responses—answers we feel are true.
大脑为了节约日常繁重思考所消耗的宝贵葡萄糖能量，在处理例行事务时会高度依赖已经固化成熟的潜意识习惯。
researcher
/rɪˈsɜː.tʃər/
n.
📖 英文释义 · 词义解析
Someone whose job is to study a subject carefully to discover new information.
研究人员，调查员
💬 课本原句例句
The researchers then told another group of volunteers about the discovery.
认知科学研究人员发现，试图通过强行用意志力消除坏习惯极其困难，最高效的策略是用健康积极的新行为进行巧妙替换。
volunteer
/ˌvɒl.ənˈtɪər/
n./v.
📖 英文释义 · 词义解析
A person who does something, especially helping other people, willingly and without being paid.
志愿者；自愿做
💬 课本原句例句
They told a group of volunteers about it, but admitted they could not fully explain what it was.
数百名渴望改掉拖延症与吸烟恶习的年轻志愿者们自愿参与了这项为期三个月的认知行为干预临床实验。
📖 课文原文 · The Knowledge Illusion
Paragraph A
A bat and a ball cost $1.10 in total.
The bat costs $1.00 more than the ball.
How much does the ball cost?
Paragraph B
If you answered 10 cents, you’re not alone—most people give the same answer (the correct answer is 5 cents).
It’s an example of how we often rely on intuitive responses—answers we feel are true.
People give answers that “pop into their mind,” says cognitive scientist Steven Sloman.
We don’t spend much time “reflecting and checking whether the answer … is right or wrong.”
Paragraph C
The bat and ball question helps explain why we often believe in fake news.
It is part of human nature to believe, says Sloman.
But “the trick with fake news is to know to verify”—in other words, to stop and question what you know.
Paragraph D
In one experiment, Sloman and a colleague invented a discovery called helium rain.
They told a group of volunteers about it, but admitted they could not fully explain what it was.
They then asked the volunteers to rate their own understanding of helium rain.
Most volunteers rated themselves 1 out of 7, meaning they did not understand the concept.
Paragraph E
The researchers then told another group of volunteers about the discovery.
This time, they said that scientists could fully explain how it works.
When asked to rate their understanding, the volunteers gave an average answer of 2.
The scientists’ confidence gave the volunteers an increased sense of their own understanding, Sloman says.
Paragraph F
According to Sloman, studies show that knowledge spreads like a contagion.
This idea can be seen in many fields, including politics.
“If everyone around you is saying they understand why a politician is crooked,” Sloman says, “then you’re going to start thinking that you understand, too.”
Paragraph G
Another explanation for the spread of fake news is “motivated reasoning,” writes Adam Waytz, a management professor at the Kellogg School.
We are naturally more likely to believe things that confirm our existing opinions.
If you already have a negative opinion about someone, you’re more likely to trust damaging stories about them.
Over time, Waytz argues, “motivated reasoning can lead to a false social consensus.”
Paragraph H
So, in a world where misleading information is common, is there a way to protect ourselves?
“I don’t think it’s possible to train individuals to verify everything that they encounter,” Sloman admits.
“It is just too human to believe what you’re told.”
Paragraph I
However, training people to care about fact-checking is important, he argues, especially in online communities.
Think of the headlines and stories that are shared on your social media feed every day.
Probably these fit in with your own worldview—but perhaps not all of them are true.
Paragraph J
“Develop a norm in your community that says, ‘We should check things and not just take them at face value,’” Sloman says.
“Verify before you believe.”
📌 课本原版注释 (Footnotes):
1: A cognitive scientist studies the processes in the brain related to knowing, learning, and understanding. (认知科学家专门研究大脑中与认知、学习和理解相关的思维过程。)
2: Helium is a very light, colorless gas. (氦是一种极轻且无色的气体。)
3: A contagion is a disease that spreads easily. (接触传染病是一种易于在人际间传播蔓延的疾病。)
4: If someone is described as crooked, they are dishonest. (如果用歪曲不义来形容某人，意味着该人不诚实、道德败坏。)
5: A social consensus refers to a group of people sharing the same opinions. (社会共识是指群体所达成的广泛一致的意见。)
得分: 0
Before You Read · p.166
A. Try this famous puzzle: A bat and a ball cost $1.10 in total. The bat costs $1.00 more than the ball. How much does the ball cost?
1. How much does the ball cost?
B & C. Why do most people intuitively say 10 cents even though it is incorrect?
Reading Comprehension · p.170
A. Choose the best answer for each question.
1. What is the “knowledge illusion” discussed in the passage?
2. In the bicycle experiment (paragraph B), what happened when people were asked to draw how a bicycle works?
3. According to paragraph D, how do humans store complex knowledge?
4. According to paragraph E, why can the knowledge illusion become dangerous?
5. What is the recommended remedy for the knowledge illusion?
B. True, False, or Not Given based on Reading A.
1. Everyone who uses a toilet understands the plumbing physics inside.
2. Bicycles are harder to understand than airplanes.
3. Explaining how a policy works reduces extreme opinions.
4. Scientists are immune to the knowledge illusion.
Reading Skill · p.171
Reading Skill Strategy
Understanding Nuances in Meaning
Common words can have nuanced meanings depending on context (e.g., nature = personality/quality, train = discipline/practice, face = encounter).
A. Choose the correct contextual meaning of each word in the reading.
1. “the nature of human thought” means ______
2. “train your mind to reflect” means ______
3. “problems we face today” means ______
Critical Thinking · Intellectual Humility. When was the last time you thought you understood something (like a zipper or flushing toilet) until you tried to explain it? What did you learn?
📘 11A 核心词汇
点击发音跟读，展开中文释义检查记忆。
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平均的，普通的；平均数跟读 0 次
中文释义
概念，观念跟读 0 次
中文释义
遇到，遭遇跟读 0 次
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实验，试验跟读 0 次
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个人，个体；单独的跟读 0 次
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媒体，大众传媒跟读 0 次
中文释义
准则，规范，常态跟读 0 次
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依赖，依靠跟读 0 次
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研究人员，调查员跟读 0 次
中文释义
志愿者；自愿做得分: 0
Vocabulary Practice A · p.172
Complete the sentences using words from the box.
average · concept · encounter · media · norm · rely on
average · concept · encounter · media · norm · rely on
1. We ______ doctors and engineers without knowing how their tools work.
2. The ______ of the knowledge illusion was coined by cognitive scientists.
3. On ______, participants overestimated their understanding.
4. Believing you know everything is a social ______ in many groups.
5. We frequently ______ intricate machines in our homes.
6. Mass ______ often simplifies nuanced scientific debates.
Vocabulary Practice B · Definitions
Choose the correct definition.
1. An illusion is a ______.
2. To overrate something is to ______.
3. An intuitive response comes from ______.
4. Complex mechanisms have ______.
Vocabulary Practice C · Collocations with “average”
Complete the phrases using words from the box.
day · family · salary · size
day · family · salary · size
1. an average ______ (annual earnings of a worker)
2. an average ______ (typical 24 hours)
3. an average ______ (typical household with 2 children)
4. an average ______ (medium physical dimensions)
🏆 Reading Explorer 2 · 11A 荣誉通关证书
The Knowledge Illusion (认知的假象)
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