🪄 11B 词汇表
cheat
/tʃiːt/
v./n.
📖 英文释义 · 词义解析
To behave dishonestly, or not obey rules, in order to gain an advantage.
欺骗，作弊
💬 课本原句例句
“When I finished, I thought—I cheated myself,” he says.
在著名行为经济学测试中，实验设计让受试者误以为没人监督，绝大多数人都会为了蝇头小利进行轻微的作弊欺诈。
excuse
/ɪkˈskjuːs/
n.
📖 英文释义 · 词义解析
A reason that you give to explain why you did something wrong.
借口，托词
💬 课本原句例句
We may be able to come up with an excuse for taking Post-it Notes from an office fairly easily.
人们在撒谎或违规后往往会开动脑筋，为自己的不当行为找出一套看似合情合理冠冕堂皇的自我安慰借口。
honest
/ˈɒn.ɪst/
adj.
📖 英文释义 · 词义解析
Telling the truth or able to be trusted and not likely to steal, cheat, or lie.
诚实的，正直的
💬 课本原句例句
The reason, he believes, is that we want to see ourselves as honest, because honesty is a value taught to us by society.
即使大部分人都认为自己是品格高尚且言行诚实的正人君子，但在特定心理暗示诱导下仍会做出违背诚实的小动作。
justify
/ˈdʒʌs.tɪ.faɪ/
v.
📖 英文释义 · 词义解析
To give or to be a good reason for something; show that something is reasonable.
证明...是正当合理的，为...辩解
💬 课本原句例句
“Cheating is easier,” he says, “when we can justify our behavior.” A B C D E 1 A shredder is a machine that tears paper into thin pieces.
心理学研究揭示，人类极其擅长在内心深处合理化证明自己的轻微过失，以便在保持良好自我形象的同时牟取利益。
lie
/laɪ/
v./n.
📖 英文释义 · 词义解析
To say something that you know is not true in order to deceive.
撒谎；谎言
💬 课本原句例句
By comparing actual test scores to reported scores, Ariely’s research team found out how many volunteers lied, and how much they lied by.
调查表明，绝大多数人在日常社交谈话中，平均每十分钟就会出于维护体面或避免尴尬而吐露一两次善意的微小谎言。
participate
/pɑːˈtɪs.ɪ.peɪt/
v.
📖 英文释义 · 词义解析
To take part in or become involved in an activity.
参与，参加
💬 课本原句例句
Of the 40,000 people who participated in the experiment, nearly 70 percent lied about their test score.
来自全球不同文化背景的数千名大学生参与完成了这组关于诚信道德心理机制的大型矩阵实验问卷。
presumably
/prɪˈzjuː.mə.bli/
adv.
📖 英文释义 · 词义解析
Used to say what you think is likely to happen or what might be the truth.
据推测，大概，可能
💬 课本原句例句
“Presumably, I wanted to know how smart I am, but I also wanted to prove I’m this smart to myself.” The experience led Ariely to develop a lifelong interest in the study of lying and other forms of dishonesty.
当人们身处一个普遍认为“人人都在暗中作弊”的社会环境时，据推测违规行为的蔓延速度将会呈几何级数急剧攀升。
report
/rɪˈpɔːt/
v./n.
📖 英文释义 · 词义解析
To give a description of something or state the facts to an authority.
汇报，报告
💬 课本原句例句
They were then asked to destroy their answer sheets in a shredder. After reporting their own test scores, they were paid accordingly.
在无人监考的数学速算实验中，许多受试者在自行核对答卷后故意虚报了自己实际正确答对的题目数量。
score
/skɔːr/
n./v.
📖 英文释义 · 词义解析
The number of points, goals, etc. achieved in a game or competition.
得分，成绩；得分
💬 课本原句例句
Not surprisingly, he scored very well.
实验结果明确显示，奖金数额的多少并不会显著改变作弊行为的频率，影响测试得分虚报幅度的主要是内心的道德边界感。
sum
/sʌm/
n.
📖 英文释义 · 词义解析
An amount of money, or the total number or amount resulting from addition.
金额，款项；总和
💬 课本原句例句
For each correct answer, they were told they would receive a sum of money.
即便作弊成功只能换取区区几美元微不足道的小额现金，许多人依然会轻易为了这点金额背离自己恪守的原则。
📖 课文原文 · The Limits of Lying
Paragraph A
Lying is a part of human nature. But how far will people go?
Psychologist Dan Ariely became interested in dishonesty about 15 years ago.
During a long-distance flight, he came across an IQ test in a magazine.
He answered the first question and checked the answer key to see if he got it right.
He then took a quick look at the next answer before looking back at the quiz.
He continued in this way through the whole test.
Not surprisingly, he scored very well.
“When I finished, I thought—I cheated myself,” he says.
So why did he do it?
“Presumably, I wanted to know how smart I am, but I also wanted to prove I’m this smart to myself.”
The experience led Ariely to develop a lifelong interest in the study of lying and other forms of dishonesty.
Paragraph B
To find out more about lying habits, Ariely developed a series of studies known as the Matrix Experiments.
In the experiments, volunteers completed a test with 20 simple math problems.
They were given five minutes to solve as many as they could.
For each correct answer, they were told they would receive a sum of money.
When the time was up, the volunteers counted the number of problems they solved correctly.
They were then asked to destroy their answer sheets in a shredder.
After reporting their own test scores, they were paid accordingly.
However, there was something the volunteers didn’t know.
Their answer sheets were never actually destroyed.
Paragraph C
By comparing actual test scores to reported scores, Ariely’s research team found out how many volunteers lied, and how much they lied by.
The results?
Of the 40,000 people who participated in the experiment, nearly 70 percent lied about their test score.
On average, volunteers said they solved six problems, but it was closer to four.
The results are similar across different cultures.
Most of us lie, but only a little.
Paragraph D
The question Ariely finds most interesting is not why so many of us lie, but rather why we don’t lie a lot more.
In one version of the experiment, participants were offered significantly more money for each correct answer.
However, this did not cause them to cheat more.
“Here we give people a chance to steal lots of money, and people cheat only a little bit.
So something stops us—most of us—from not lying all the way,” Ariely says.
Paragraph E
The reason, he believes, is that we want to see ourselves as honest, because honesty is a value taught to us by society.
This is why most of us place limits on how much we lie.
We may be able to come up with an excuse for taking Post-it Notes from an office fairly easily.
“But it is much more difficult to come up with an excuse for taking $10,000,” Ariely explains.
The extent of our lying is determined largely by what is acceptable by society.
“Cheating is easier,” he says, “when we can justify our behavior.”
📌 课本原版注释 (Footnotes):
1. Shredder: A machine that tears paper into thin pieces.（碎纸机）
2. Post-it Notes: Small pieces of paper that are sticky on one side.（便签纸，报事贴）
得分: 0
Before You Read · p.173
A. When, if ever, is it acceptable to tell a lie? What is a “white lie”?
1. B. According to behavioral research, how often do people lie in daily conversation?
Reading Comprehension · p.176
A. Choose the best answer for each question.
1. What is the main topic of Reading B?
2. According to paragraph C, what is Dan Ariely’s “fudge factor” theory?
3. What did the matrix experiment demonstrate about cheating?
4. According to paragraph E, what psychological cue significantly reduced cheating?
5. What does the reading conclude about human honesty?
B. Match each paragraph to its main topic.
1. Paragraph A
2. Paragraph B
3. Paragraph C
4. Paragraph D
5. Paragraph E
Reading Skill · p.177
Reading Skill Strategy
Recognizing Scientific Research Structure
Psychology and scientific passages follow a standard flow: Purpose / Hypothesis → Method / Experiment → Results / Data → Conclusion.
A. Identify the scientific report section for each sentence.
1. “Researchers wanted to determine how much people cheat when given the opportunity.”
2. “Participants were given 20 math matrices to solve in five minutes, then shredded their answer sheets.”
3. “On average, participants reported solving six matrices, when they had actually solved four.”
4. “People cheat only up to the point where they can still maintain an internal self-image of honesty.”
Critical Thinking · Everyday Rationalizations. How do people justify minor dishonesties (e.g. taking office pens or speeding)?
📘 11B 核心词汇
点击发音跟读，展开中文释义检查记忆。
跟读 0 次
中文释义
欺骗，作弊跟读 0 次
中文释义
借口，托词跟读 0 次
中文释义
诚实的，正直的跟读 0 次
中文释义
证明...是正当合理的，为...辩解跟读 0 次
中文释义
撒谎；谎言跟读 0 次
中文释义
参与，参加跟读 0 次
中文释义
据推测，大概，可能跟读 0 次
中文释义
汇报，报告跟读 0 次
中文释义
得分，成绩；得分跟读 0 次
中文释义
金额，款项；总和得分: 0
Vocabulary Practice A · p.178
Complete the sentences using words from the box.
excuse · honest · lie · participate · reported
excuse · honest · lie · participate · reported
1. Volunteers agreed to ______ in the behavioral study.
2. Cheaters created a plausible ______ to justify their numbers.
3. Most people strive to see themselves as an ______ person.
4. Subjects ______ having solved more math matrices than they actually did.
5. Telling a blatant ______ creates neurological stress.
Vocabulary Practice B · Definitions
Match each word to its definition.
1. deceit
2. honest
3. excuse
4. participate
5. fudge factor
Vocabulary Practice C · Word Forms
Complete with honest, honestly, dishonest, or dishonesty.
honest · honestly · dishonest · dishonesty
honest · honestly · dishonest · dishonesty
1. Telling falsehoods is a ______ act.
2. He answered all questions ______.
3. Academic ______ is prohibited in examinations.
4. An ______ person values truthfulness.
🏆 Reading Explorer 2 · 11B 荣誉通关证书
The Limits of Lying (谎言的限度)
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