National Geographic 原版纪录片: Legacies of the Maya
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0:00
The Maya. They're considered one of the most advanced civilizations to have existed in the Americas before the Spanish conquest.
玛雅文明。他们被认为是西班牙征服之前美洲大陆上存在的最先进文明之一。
0:06
But who exactly were the ancient Maya people, and what led to the collapse of their civilization?
但古代玛雅人究竟是谁？又是什么导致了他们文明的衰亡？
0:22
As early as 1800 B.C., the Maya had begun settling in established villages in what is today Mexico and Central America.
早在公元前1800年，玛雅人就已开始在今天的墨西哥和中美洲一带定居建立村落。
0:31
Maya civilization peaked from 250 to 900 A.D.—during what archeologists call the Classic Period.
玛雅文明在公元250年至900年间达到鼎盛时期——即考古学家所称的“古典期”。
0:40
More than 40 cities flourished throughout the region, with populations as large as 50,000.
整个地区繁荣发展了40多座城邦，部分城市人口多达5万人。
0:46
The Maya built magnificent urban centers consisting of stone structures, including pyramid temples that were central to Maya religious practices.
玛雅人建造了由石构建筑组成的宏伟城市中心，包括作为玛雅宗教仪式核心的金字塔神庙。
0:54
In addition to these impressive city structures, agriculture played a key role in Maya civilization.
除了这些令人叹为观止的城市建筑外，农业在玛雅文明中也扮演了核心角色。
1:02
Corn was one of the predominant crops. The Maya creation story tells of nature gods who created humans out of yellow and white corn.
玉米是主要农作物之一。玛雅创世神话讲述自然神灵用黄白玉米塑造了人类。
1:09
The Maya also made significant advancements in mathematics and astronomy.
玛雅人在数学和天文学领域也取得了举世瞩目的成就。
1:24
They invented the concept of zero, and they developed an accurate calendar system.
他们独立发明了“零”的概念，并制定出精密的历法系统。
1:31
Used to guide the Maya agricultural cycles, the calendar was based on observations of the sun and sky over thousands of years.
用于指导农业周期的历法，建立在数千年来对太阳与天空观测的基础之上。
1:46
The Maya also developed the only known system of writing in Mesoamerica—hieroglyphs.
玛雅人还创立了中美洲唯一已知成体系的文字系统——象形文字。
1:53
In fact, much of what we now know about ancient Maya civilization comes from deciphering hieroglyphic characters inscribed on pottery, stone slabs, and other ruins.
事实上，我们今天对玛雅文明的大部分认知，都来自对陶器、石碑和遗址上镌刻的象形文字的破译。
2:00
Hieroglyphs have revealed that, despite the Maya's ingenuity and agrarian lifestyle, conflict was prevalent among some Maya city-states.
象形文字揭示出，尽管玛雅人极具智慧且以农耕为生，但各城邦之间的武装冲突却十分频繁。
2:16
Throughout much of the Classic Period, the city-state of Tikal (located in modern-day Guatemala) reigned as the closest thing to an empire in Maya history.
在古典期的大部分时间里，位于今危地马拉境内的蒂卡尔（Tikal）城邦几乎主导了整个区域，是最接近帝国的存在。
2:30
But for a period of roughly 130 years, the Tikal people were overtaken through force and diplomacy by the Kaanul, a rival kingdom.
但在大约130年的时间里，蒂卡尔人被强劲的对手卡努尔（Kaanul）王国通过武力与外交手段击败并控制。
2:46
Toward the end of the Classic Period, around 900 A.D., most Maya cities had collapsed.
在古典期末期，即公元900年左右，绝大多数玛雅城邦相继崩溃衰亡。
2:52
Among the theories are warfare, a volcanic eruption, and, perhaps most likely, drought.
关于其崩溃原因的假说包括战争爆发、火山喷发，以及最有可能的持续严重干旱。
3:01
However, archeologists still debate why as new evidence continues to emerge.
然而，随着新考古证据的不断涌现，学者们至今仍在激烈探讨其根源。
3:10
Despite the decline of ancient Maya civilization, the Maya people have by no means disappeared. More than seven million Maya are estimated to be alive today.
尽管古玛雅文明衰落了，但玛雅人民绝未消亡。据估计今天仍有超过700万玛雅人生活在其故土及世界各地。
3:22
While they participate in modern global life, they continue to follow agricultural and ceremonial practices of their ancestors.
在融入现代全球生活的同时，他们依然传承着祖先的农耕传统与庄严祭祀习俗。
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Before You Watch (Page 27)
视频重点词汇释义匹配与背景小测
Part A · Definitions
1. decipher
2. inscribe
3. agrarian
4. prevalent
Part B · Background Quiz
1. In which part of the world did the Maya civilization develop?
2. Around when was the Maya civilization at its peak?
3. Which crop did the Maya mainly depend on?
4. What do many believe to be the most likely reason for the collapse of the Maya civilization?
While You Watch: Video Notes (Page 28)
根据视频内容完成笔记细节梳理
1. The Maya civilization consisted of around ________ cities during the Classic Period.
2. ...some with populations of ________.
3. Built magnificent urban centers which included ________ central to religious practices.
4. Math: invented the concept of ________.
5. Astronomy: developed ________ based on observations of sun and sky.
6. Writing: hieroglyphs can be found today inscribed on ________, stone slabs, and buildings.
7. Most cities collapsed by around ________ A.D.
8. Decline theories: warfare, ________, drought.
9. More than ________ Maya are estimated to be alive today.
10. Today's Maya continue to follow ________ and ceremonial practices of ancestors.