RE5 Unit 11B · WHEN THE MOORS RULED SPAIN (摩尔人统治下的西班牙)

Reading 11B · WHEN THE MOORS RULED SPAIN (摩尔人统治下的西班牙)

从科尔多瓦大清真寺到阿尔罕布拉宫：八百年安达卢斯启蒙文明与多元共存辉煌。

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From the Rock of Gibraltar, writer Thomas J. Abercrombie set out to explore a forgotten

公元711年，一支由塔里克·伊本·齐亚德率领的北非柏柏尔人与阿拉伯人联军，横渡了分隔欧非大陆的狭窄海峡。他们在一座巍峨的石灰岩海角山麓登陆，那座山峰便是名扬后世的直布罗陀——其英文名正脱胎自阿拉伯语“贾巴尔·塔里克（Jabal Tariq，意为塔里克之山）”。在短短不到十年的时间里，这些被欧洲人统称为“摩尔人（Moors）”的伊斯兰征服者，便将伊比利亚半岛绝大部分领土纳入了穆斯林帝国的治下。

corner of Europe's past.

Perfect weather for a morning's sale, or an intercontinental passage, said my Spanish

shipmate Rafa, as I scanned the rising mists ahead. Suddenly, a silhouette of our destination

appeared above the haze ahead.

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A beacon for mariners since the dawn of seafaring, the famous rock of Gibraltar was one of the

在此后的近八个世纪中，伊斯兰文明在西班牙南部这片阿拉伯人称之为“安达卢斯（al-Andalus）”的沃土上繁荣昌盛。当西欧大部分地区深陷中世纪早期的闭塞与蒙昧时，安达卢斯却崛起成为了整座欧洲大陆闪耀的启蒙灯塔、科学探索高地、艺术胜境与多元宗教包容共处的乐土。其首府科尔多瓦，更一跃发展成为全欧洲规模最庞大、文明程度最高雅的国际大都市。

pillars of Hercules. Jabal Musa behind us on the northern coast of Africa formed the other.

For ancient Romans and Greeks, the pillars marked the boundary of the known world.

For me, the stronghold marked the first stop on a journey into a neglected corner of Europe's

history, a distant time when Muslims ruled Spain and Islam had a powerful influence on

the West.

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In recent years, Rafa had presided over a Madrid-based institute that promotes cultural

在10世纪哈里发阿卜杜勒·拉赫曼三世统治的鼎盛时期，科尔多瓦拥有石板铺就并配有路灯照明的整洁街道、数百座公共浴池、郁郁葱葱的灌溉园林，以及70多所公共与私人图书馆。仅哈里发的皇家私人图书馆便典藏了超过40万册编目详尽的手抄典籍，而同一时期基督教欧洲最大的修道院藏书室往往只有寥寥数百卷残卷。

exchange between Spain and its Muslim neighbors.

We are finding that much of what we think of as pure Spanish, our architecture, our temperament,

our poetry and music, even our language, is a blend from a long Arabic heritage.

Rafa and I were sailing in the wake of Turic ibn Ziyad, a Muslim general.

With soldiers and horses in four boats, he crossed from Quetta on the African side, as did we,

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and set up camp on the narrow ledge below, where the town of Gibraltar sits today.

摩尔学者堪称实证科学的拓荒先锋。在数学领域，他们将印度-阿拉伯数字系统、十进制小数以及代数学（源自阿拉伯语al-jabr）引入欧洲。在医学领域，科尔多瓦外科宗师扎赫拉维编撰了长达30卷的巨著《医学便览》，书中绘制了数百种精密外科手术器械的图解，在随后的500年间一直被欧洲各大医学院奉为标准教科书。

In the spring of 711, he marched northward with 12,000 Muslims.

At the Rio Babate south of Cadiz, the invaders met the hastily assembled forces of Spain's

Visigoth King Roderick.

Before us is the enemy.

Behind us, the sea shouted Turic, drawing his sword and invoking Allah for his blessing

and support.

We have only one choice to win.

The Battle of Babate proved a mortal wound for the weak Visigoth ruler.

King Roderick was slain.

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Whole battalions of soldiers fled, and the Christian army collapsed.

或许摩尔西班牙最令人叹为观止的特质，莫过于其被称为“共存文化（convivencia）”的多元包容氛围。在托莱多、科尔多瓦与塞维利亚等重镇，穆斯林、犹太人和基督徒以“迪米（受国家法律保护的非穆斯林受庇护民）”身份在同一片屋檐下相对和平共处。犹太文化在安达卢斯迎来了空前绝后的黄金时代，孕育出了犹太哲学泰斗迈蒙尼德以及位极人臣的宰相兼大医学家哈斯代等旷世巨匠。

The Islamic conquest of Spain had begun.

The creed of Islam had been revealed to the 7th century prophet statesman Muhammad in

distant Arabia.

It spread swiftly, embracing the entire desert peninsula by the time of his death in 632.

Six years later, Syria and Palestine fell to the Muslims.

And from their new capital in Damascus, Muslim armies spread eastward through Mesopotamia

to India and Central Asia, westward to the Nile and across North Africa.

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A century after the birth of Islam, its call to prayer rang from minarets all the way from

在古都托莱多于1085年被基督教军队收复后，这里兴起了名垂青史的“托莱多翻译院”运动。来自全欧洲的学者如过江之鲫般云集托莱多，与当地阿拉伯语和希伯来语翻译家通力协作，将由阿拉伯世界精心保存并注释扩展的古希腊经典——亚里士多德与柏拉图的哲学、欧几里得的几何学、盖伦的医学巨著——全数转译为拉丁文。这场史诗级的文明大转移，直接为欧洲文艺复兴的破晓点燃了智慧火种。

the Atlantic to the outskirts of China, an empire larger than Rome's at its height.

History named the Muslim conquerors of Spain, Moors, probably because they arrived by way

of Morocco, but the Moors themselves never used the term.

They were Arabs from Damascus and Medina, leading armies of North African Berber converts.

Most married into Spanish and Visigoth families, or took fair skin Galician slaves as wives.

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on Spain, including its language.

在建筑艺术上，摩尔人给西班牙大地烙下了永不磨灭的惊艳印记。始建于公元785年的科尔多瓦大清真寺，以其由856根碧玉、玛瑙、大理石与花岗岩圆柱支撑的宏伟礼拜大殿闻名于世，殿内层叠错落的双层红白相间马蹄形拱券如梦如幻。在塞维利亚，摩尔宣礼塔化为了举世闻名的吉拉尔达钟楼，而塞维利亚王宫则处处流淌着令人目眩神迷的穆德哈尔彩釉瓷砖与繁复如蕾丝般的灰泥雕花。

The name Gibraltar descends from Jabal Taurik, Arabic for Taurik's mountain.

From Gibraltar, I followed Taurik's footsteps northward.

After the victory at the Rio Babate, he moved swiftly, with Spanish cities falling to him

in quick succession.

Early in 712, his soldiers rode through the gates of the Visigoth capital, Toledo,

where the remaining Christian armies were forced to retreat to the northernmost mountains

of Spain.

The Moors' hold of Toledo lasted for over 300 years.

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In 1085, it fell to Alfonso VI of Castile and Leon, who thereby initiated the Reconquista,

在漫长的数百年间，北方的基督教王国持续发动了“收复失地运动（Reconquista）”。伊斯兰重镇相继失陷：1085年托莱多陷落，1236年科尔多瓦易手，1248年塞维利亚沦陷。最终，只有依托内华达山脉险峻地势的格拉纳达埃米尔国苦苦支撑了最后两个半世纪；正是在那里，奈斯尔王朝建造出了宛如人间仙境般的悬崖城堡宫殿——阿尔罕布拉宫。

the Reconquest of Spain by the Christians.

For several centuries after Toledo's recapture, the city remained liberal, tolerant, and bilingual.

Alfonso X supported an important 13th-century translation school, where Christian, Muslim,

and Jewish scholars collaborated to translate manuscripts into Latin, works by the Greek

scholars Aristotle and Ptolemy, empirical studies of algebra and mathematics by Alcorisme,

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Today, the whole city of Toledo has been declared a national monument, and it remains the country's

1492年1月2日，最后一位摩尔君主穆罕默德十二世（西方史称博阿卜迪勒），被迫将阿尔罕布拉宫的城门钥匙拱手呈交给了天主教双王斐迪南与伊莎贝拉。在同一个历史命运之年，西班牙君主残酷驱逐了所有拒绝改宗的犹太人，而哥伦布则扬帆西渡驶向美洲新大陆。1609年，国王费利佩三世签署法令彻底驱逐了莫里斯科人（被迫受洗但暗中信奉伊斯兰教的摩尔人后裔），至此，深度塑造了西班牙数百年历史与文化灵魂的摩尔遗民被彻底抹净。

religious capital.

Mosques and synagogues have been restored and splendid palaces open to the public, museums

to display Toledo's abundant cultural heritage.

But there is a dark side, too, to the region's history.

In 1469, Prince Ferdinand of Aragon wed Princess Isabella of Castile, uniting Christian Spain

under their rule.

💡 审辩式思维 (Critical Thinking: Cultural Synthesis)

1. How did Moorish architecture and language continue to influence Spanish culture long after the Reconquista?

即使在1492年摩尔人政权陷落后，伊斯兰文明在西班牙的语言、音乐、建筑与日常习俗中留下了哪些深刻的烙印？

思维指引 (Sample Perspective):
• 语言与词汇：现代西班牙语中有超过4,000个常用词汇源自阿拉伯语（如 aceituna橄榄, azúcar糖, alcalde市长, almohada枕头）；
• 音乐与建筑艺术：安达卢西亚举世闻名的弗拉门戈舞（Flamenco）融合了阿拉伯微音阶吟唱；穆德哈尔风格（Mudéjar）庭院水池与回廊采光至今仍是西班牙南部建筑的灵魂。

2. What lessons does the medieval 'convivencia' (coexistence) of al-Andalus offer to our polarized modern world?

中世纪安达卢斯穆斯林、犹太人与基督徒和谐共处的“共存文化”，对当下日益割裂的地缘政治有何启迪？

思维指引 (Sample Perspective):
• 科学与理性跨越族群：在托莱多翻译院，学者们不问信仰差异共同翻译亚里士多德与欧几里得；多元文明的交流碰撞不仅没有削弱文化认同，反而共同孕育了人类文明史上最璀璨的科学与哲学繁荣。

📝 课文理解深度练习 (Comprehension & Skills)

Reading Comprehension: Multiple Choice (P.231) Reading Comprehension: Chronology of al-Andalus (P.232) Reading Skill: Author Tone and Evaluative Language (P.233)

预习练习得分: 0 / 20 题

Reading Comprehension Part A: Multiple Choice (P.231)

READING COMPREHENSION · MAIN IDEA

1. What is the central purpose of the reading passage?

READING COMPREHENSION · DETAIL

2. In what year did Muslim forces under Tariq ibn Ziyad cross the strait into Gibraltar?

READING COMPREHENSION · DETAIL

3. What distinguished the city of Córdoba at its zenith in the 10th century from contemporary Christian European cities?

READING COMPREHENSION · DETAIL

4. What was the concept of 'convivencia' in Moorish al-Andalus?

READING COMPREHENSION · DETAIL

5. Why was the translation movement in 12th-century Toledo so pivotal for Western civilization?

READING COMPREHENSION · DETAIL

6. Which iconic Moorish hilltop palace-fortress in Granada was surrendered to Ferdinand and Isabella in 1492?

READING COMPREHENSION · DETAIL

7. What decree signed by King Philip III in 1609 marked the final tragic chapter of the Moorish presence in Spain?

Reading Comprehension Part B: Chronological Milestones (P.232)