National Geographic: Cave Artists
西班牙坎塔布里亚省埃尔卡斯蒂略洞穴岩画将欧洲艺术史向前推至四万年前。跟随国家地理镜头探索手印模板与象征思维的诞生。
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Woolly mammoths, step bison, and other large mammals once roamed alongside people across Eurasia.
长毛猛犸象、草原野牛以及其他大型哺乳动物，曾经同古人类一起漫步在欧亚大陆上。
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Tens of thousands of years later, we may have a glimpse into this ice age world through the cave art left behind by early humans.
数万年后的今天，通过早期人类留下的洞穴岩画，我们得以窥探那个遥远的冰河时代世界。
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Around 400 art-filled caves and shelters, predominantly located in France and Spain, have been discovered so far.
迄今为止，已发现约400处布满壁画的洞穴与岩棚，大部分分布在法国和西班牙境内。
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Some of the most elaborate prehistoric artwork exists in caves in France, known as Lascaux Grotto and Chauvet Pondocque.
一些最为精美绝伦的史前艺术杰作，就隐匿于法国著名的拉斯科洞穴与肖维岩洞之中。
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Cave art dates as far back as 65,000 years ago to the time of the Neanderthals.
在西班牙坎塔布里亚省的埃尔卡斯蒂略洞穴，科学家们发现了可能更为古老的岩画。
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Though, radiocarbon dating and other methods have revealed most art to be less than 40,000 years old and created by Homo sapiens.
这里的墙壁上遍布着红色的手印标绘，以及被称为手印模板的手部轮廓。
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The majority of cave art depicts animals that humans would have encountered or hunted during the ice age, such as mammoths, horses, lions, aurochs, and deer.
早期艺术家将手掌平贴在冰凉的岩壁上，随后向手背周围吹喷调和好的红色颜料。
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Some human figures and other symbols have also been discovered.
这些印记仿佛是一份跨越漫漫长河的亲笔签名：'我曾到此，我曾活在这里。'
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Cave paintings were mostly created with red or black pigments made from rocks.
通过利用放射性铀系测年法检测岩壁覆盖的微小方解石层，
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Some artworks were painted directly onto cave walls, while some were first engraved into the stone with tools.
研究团队测定其中一些红色斑点与手印模板至少距今已有40,800年历史。
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Occasionally, the artists would follow the natural contours of the stone walls to accentuate an animal's features.
这一惊人年代使得它们成为欧洲乃至全世界已知最古老的洞穴壁画之一。
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Ever since the late 1800s, people have debated the meaning and purpose of cave art.
令人着迷的是，这个时间点恰逢现代智人刚刚踏足欧洲，
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Some scholars think cave paintings were created by shamans, who would go deep into caves and enter a trance-like state, drawing animals they encountered in the spirit world.
而尼安德特人仍然在这片土地上生存繁衍。
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Symbols repeated across artworks may indicate that those symbols had agreed upon meanings among the artists.
这引发了一个激烈的科学争论：这些欧洲最早的洞画杰作究竟出自谁的手笔？
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Thus, perhaps cave art also represents the earliest form of graphic communication.
是初来乍到的智人先祖，还是早已在此栖居数十万年的尼安德特人？
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In reality, cave art may have been created for a variety of reasons.
无论创作者是谁，这些画作都无可辩驳地展示了高级象征性思维的诞生。
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While we may never know with absolute certainty why cave art was made or the meaning behind individual paintings,
手印、动物以及几何符号的绘制，代表了人类认知革命与视觉交流的开端。
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these works give us insight into the evolving minds of our prehistoric ancestors and the world in which they lived.
洞穴深处的黑暗为我们封存了珍贵的时空胶囊。
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By one view, cave artists were prehistoric naturalists.
站在这片岩壁前，你能够真切感受到四万年前远古祖先心跳的余温。
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Their detailed drawings may teach us about the appearance and behavior of animals that have long been extinct.
艺术不仅让我们看见古人的生活，
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But perhaps more significant, a part of our never-ending quest to find out who we are and where we came from,
更让我们深刻理解作为人类究竟意味着什么。
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cave art may provide evidence of a time when humans were first able to etch their thoughts in stone.
这是人类精神生命最深沉的共鸣与回响。