🎯 目标词汇发音与释义 (Target Vocabulary)
criminal
/ˈkrɪmɪnl/
n./adj.
📖 英文释义 · 词义解析
A person who has committed a crime.
罪犯；犯罪的
💬 课本原句例句
Although there are no laws against it today, tattoos are still strongly associated with criminals, particularly the Akusa or the Japanese mafia, who are known for their full body tattoos.
在19世纪的某些社会，纹身常被视为罪犯或边缘人群的专属印记。
crucial
/ˈkruːʃl/
adj.
📖 英文释义 · 词义解析
Extremely important or necessary; vital.
至关重要的，关键的
💬 课本原句例句
The health of our skin and its ability to perform its protective functions are crucial to our well-being.
人类的皮肤作为抵御外部病菌入侵的第一道物理屏障，起到了至关重要的作用。
external
/ɪkˈstɜːrnl/
adj.
📖 英文释义 · 词义解析
Of, on, or relating to the outside or outer part.
外部的，外在的
💬 课本原句例句
Covering almost the entire body, skin protects us from a variety of external forces.
皮肤能够有效保护我们脆弱的内部器官免受外界有害环境因子的直接侵害。
fade
/feɪd/
v.
📖 英文释义 · 词义解析
To gradually lose color, brightness, or strength.
褪色，逐渐消失
💬 课本原句例句
The Hannah Coloring, which comes from a plant, fades and disappears over time.
随着岁月流逝，暴露在强阳光下的传统墨水刺青会逐渐褪色模糊。
leisure
/ˈleɪʒər/
n.
📖 英文释义 · 词义解析
Time when one is not working or occupied; free time.
闲暇，空闲时间
💬 课本原句例句
Tan skin began to indicate leisure time and health.
过去在阳光下晒黑往往是体力劳动的象征，如今却被许多人视为度假与闲暇的身份符号。
mature
/məˈtʃʊr/
adj./v.
📖 英文释义 · 词义解析
Fully developed physically; adult or sensible.
成熟的；成熟
💬 课本原句例句
For many men in West Africa, for instance, scarring is a right of passage and act that symbolizes that a male has matured from a child into an adult.
在许多传统部落文化中，接受全身纹身标志着一个年轻人正式成为心智成熟的成年勇士。
permanent
/ˈpɜːrmənənt/
adj.
📖 英文释义 · 词义解析
Lasting or intended to last indefinitely without change.
永久的，永恒的
💬 课本原句例句
Not all skin markings are permanent, though.
由于真皮层墨水具有永久性，许多年轻人在冲动刺青后最终不得不寻求激光清除。
protective
/prəˈtektɪv/
adj.
📖 英文释义 · 词义解析
Capable of or serving to protect against damage or injury.
保护性的，防护的
💬 课本原句例句
The health of our skin and its ability to perform its protective functions are crucial to our well-being.
人体产生的黑色素作为天然的保护性屏障，能吸收并阻挡紫外线的过量穿透。
sector
/ˈsektər/
n.
📖 英文释义 · 词义解析
An area or portion that is distinct from others; industry segment.
部门，领域，行业
💬 课本原句例句
There is a whole sector of modern society, people in search of identity, people in search of meaning, says Ranier.
在现代企业与商业服务领域，员工身上的显眼纹身仍然受到不同程度的严格规范。
status
/ˈsteɪtəs/
n.
📖 英文释义 · 词义解析
The legal, social, or conservation condition of something.
地位，法定身份，等级
💬 课本原句例句
Identity and status.
国际自然保护联盟（IUCN）定期评估更新全球濒危珍稀物种的红色受威胁等级状态。
📖 课文原文 · Skin: The Body’s Canvas
Paragraph A
Skin, the body's canvas.
If you could take off your skin and lay it flat, it would cover an area of about 1.9 square meters.
Skin is by far the body's largest organ.
Covering almost the entire body, skin protects us from a variety of external forces.
For example, it protects us from extremes of temperature, damaging sunlight, harmful chemicals, and dangerous infections.
Skin is also packed with nerves, which keeps the brain in touch with the outside world.
The health of our skin and its ability to perform its protective functions are crucial to our well-being.
However, the appearance of our skin is equally if not more important to many people on this planet.
Paragraph B
Take skin color, for example.
Your jeans determine your skin's color, but for centuries humans have tried to lighten or darken their skin in an attempt to be more attractive.
In the 1800s, white skin was desirable for many Europeans.
Skin this color meant that its owner was a member of the upper class and did not have to work in the sun.
Among darker skinned people in some parts of the world, products used to lighten skin are still popular today.
During the 20th century, attitudes toward light skin shifted in the opposite direction in other cultures, as cities grew and worked moved indoors.
Tan skin began to indicate leisure time and health.
Paragraph C
In many places today, tanning on the beach or in a salon remains popular, even though people are more aware of the dangers of UV rays.
Identity and status.
Just as people have altered their skin's color to denote wealth and beauty, so to have culture around the globe marked their skin to indicate cultural identity or community status.
Tattooing, for example, has been carried out for thousands of years.
Leaders in places including ancient Egypt, Britain and Peru were tattoos to mark their status or their bravery.
Today, among the Maori people of New Zealand, as well as in cultures in Samoa, Tahiti and Borneo, full facial tattoos are still used to identify the wearer as a member of a certain family.
Paragraph D
These tattoos can also symbolize the person's achievements in light.
In Japan, tattooing has been practiced for thousands of years, but was outlawed in the 19th century.
Although there are no laws against it today, tattoos are still strongly associated with criminals, particularly the Akusa or the Japanese mafia, who are known for their full body tattoos.
Paragraph E
The complex design of Ayakusa members tattoo usually includes symbols of character traits that the wearer wants to have.
The process of getting a full body tattoo is both slow and painful and can take two years or more to complete.
In some cultures, scarring, a marking caused by cutting or burning the skin is practiced, usually among people who have darker skin on which a tattoo would be difficult to see.
For many men in West Africa, for instance, scarring is a right of passage and act that symbolizes that a male has matured from a child into an adult.
In Australia, among some native peoples, cuts are made on the skin of both men and women when they reach age 16 or 17.
Paragraph F
Without these, they were traditionally not permitted to trade, sing ceremonial songs, or participate in other activities.
Not all skin markings are permanent, though.
In countries such as Morocco and India, women decorate their skin with colorful hand-a-designs for celebrations such as weddings and important religious holidays.
The Hannah Coloring, which comes from a plant, fades and disappears over time.
Paragraph G
In recent years, in many industrialized nations, tattooing, Hannah body art and to a lesser degree, scarring, have been gaining in popularity.
What makes these practices appealing to those living in modern cities?
According to photographer Chris Ranier, whose book ancient Marx examines body markings around the globe, people are looking for a connection with the traditional world.
There is a whole sector of modern society, people in search of identity, people in search of meaning, says Ranier.
Hence there has been a huge explosion of tattooing and body marking.
Ranier reasons that it's mankind wanting identity, wanting a sense of place, and a sense of culture within their community.
📝 课文精读与官方理解题库 (Reading Comprehension & Skills)
得分: 0 / 20 题
🎯 预习练习完成进度
0%
📘 P.31 Before You Read
📑 P.34 Comprehension A
🔍 P.34 Short Answers
📝 P.35 Skill: Main Idea (A–C)
💡 P.35 Skill: Main Idea (D–F)
🤔 P.35 Critical Thinking
📘 第一部分：Before You Read 课前思考预习题 (Page 31)
共 5 题
A. Brainstorm three ways that people can change the appearance of their skin. (Page 31)
（头脑风暴：列举人类改变自身皮肤外貌的三种常见方式。）
P31 Before You Read · Q1
1. Way 1 to change skin appearance: ________
（改变皮肤外貌的方式一）
（改变皮肤外貌的方式一）
P31 Before You Read · Q2
2. Way 2 to change skin appearance: ________
（改变皮肤外貌的方式二）
（改变皮肤外貌的方式二）
P31 Before You Read · Q3
3. Way 3 to change skin appearance: ________
（改变皮肤外貌的方式三）
（改变皮肤外貌的方式三）
B. Why do you think people change their skin in these ways? Note some reasons.
P31 Before You Read · Q4
4. Why do people across cultures decorate or alter their skin?
（人们改变或装饰皮肤的首要普遍原因是什么？）
（人们改变或装饰皮肤的首要普遍原因是什么？）
P31 Before You Read · Q5
5. What cultural significance can body markings carry in traditional societies?
（在传统社会中，身体印记往往承载着怎样的文化象征意义？）
（在传统社会中，身体印记往往承载着怎样的文化象征意义？）
📑 第二部分：Page 34 · Reading Comprehension Part A (课文理解 1~5)
共 5 题 · 单项选择
P34 Comprehension · Q1
1. 【GIST · 主旨题】What is this reading mainly about?
（这篇文章的核心主旨是什么？）
（这篇文章的核心主旨是什么？）
P34 Comprehension · Q2
2. 【INFERENCE · 推断题】What can we infer about the tattoos of the Maori? (Paragraph C)
（关于新西兰毛利人的纹身，我们可以推断出什么？）
（关于新西兰毛利人的纹身，我们可以推断出什么？）
P34 Comprehension · Q3
3. 【DETAIL · 细节题】Why are tattoos disapproved of in Japanese society? (Paragraph D)
（在日本主流社会中，为什么纹身常常不被认可甚至受到排斥？）
（在日本主流社会中，为什么纹身常常不被认可甚至受到排斥？）
P34 Comprehension · Q4
4. 【REFERENCE · 代词指代题】In the last sentence of paragraph E, what does these refer to?
（在段落 E 最后一句中，代词 these 指代的是什么？）
（在段落 E 最后一句中，代词 these 指代的是什么？）
P34 Comprehension · Q5
5. 【DETAIL · 细节判断题】What is NOT true about henna designs? (Paragraph F)
（关于海娜彩绘图案，下列哪项陈述是不真实的？）
（关于海娜彩绘图案，下列哪项陈述是不真实的？）
🔍 Page 34 · Comprehension Part B: Short Answers (课文细节精准检索)
共 3 题 · 原文三词以内答案
P34 Part B · Q1
6. Skin is “… by far the body’s largest organ.” How big is it, exactly? (Paragraph A)
（人体最大的器官——皮肤，平铺开来具体有多大面积？）
（人体最大的器官——皮肤，平铺开来具体有多大面积？）
P34 Part B · Q2
7. Skin “protects us from a variety of external forces.” What is ONE example of an external force? (Paragraph A)
（皮肤保护我们抵御外界侵害。段落 A 提到的外界侵害因素是哪一个？）
（皮肤保护我们抵御外界侵害。段落 A 提到的外界侵害因素是哪一个？）
P34 Part B · Q3
8. “In recent years in many industrialized nations, tattooing … [has] been gaining in popularity.” What is the name of the expert who gives an opinion about this? (Paragraph G)
（在段落 G 中，哪位摄影专家对此现象发表了权威观点？）
（在段落 G 中，哪位摄影专家对此现象发表了权威观点？）
🧩 第三部分：Page 35 · Reading Skill: Summarizing the Main Idea of Paragraphs
共 8 题 · 概括段落主旨与批判探究
📖 Reading Skill Strategy: Summarizing the Main Idea of Paragraphs (概括段落主旨核心)
Understanding the main idea of each paragraph can be especially useful when taking notes, or when creating a summary outline or word web of the reading. As you read, one strategy is to summarize the main idea of each paragraph so that you can easily identify it later. For each paragraph, read the first sentence and then quickly skim the rest of the paragraph. Then determine what the paragraph is mainly about and write a short note in the margin.
Understanding the main idea of each paragraph can be especially useful when taking notes, or when creating a summary outline or word web of the reading. As you read, one strategy is to summarize the main idea of each paragraph so that you can easily identify it later. For each paragraph, read the first sentence and then quickly skim the rest of the paragraph. Then determine what the paragraph is mainly about and write a short note in the margin.
A. Look back at the reading passage. Choose the main idea of paragraphs A–C. (Page 35)
P35 Reading Skill · Part A · 1
9. 1. Paragraph A: What is the main idea?
（段落 A 的核心主旨是哪一项？）
（段落 A 的核心主旨是哪一项？）
P35 Reading Skill · Part A · 2
10. 2. Paragraph B: What is the main idea?
（段落 B 的核心主旨是哪一项？）
（段落 B 的核心主旨是哪一项？）
P35 Reading Skill · Part A · 3
11. 3. Paragraph C: What is the main idea?
（段落 C 的核心主旨是哪一项？）
（段落 C 的核心主旨是哪一项？）
💡 Page 35 · Part B: Main Idea of Paragraphs D–F
段落深层主旨归纳
P35 Part B · Para D
12. What is the main idea of Paragraph D?
（段落 D 的核心主旨是哪一项？）
（段落 D 的核心主旨是哪一项？）
P35 Part B · Para E
13. What is the main idea of Paragraph E?
（段落 E 的核心主旨是哪一项？）
（段落 E 的核心主旨是哪一项？）
P35 Part B · Para F
14. What is the main idea of Paragraph F?
（段落 F 的核心主旨是哪一项？）
（段落 F 的核心主旨是哪一项？）
🤔 Page 35 · Critical Thinking: Applying Ideas (自我表达探究)
共 2 题
P35 Critical Thinking · Q1
15. What do people do to express their individual identity? Which actions are common in modern societies?
（现代人通过哪些方式来表达独一无二的个人身份与个性认同？）
（现代人通过哪些方式来表达独一无二的个人身份与个性认同？）
💡 Critical Thinking: Personal Reflection (个人反思与分享)
Which of the things above have you done? Which would you consider doing? Why or why not?
（以上表达个性的方式中，你尝试过哪些？你会考虑尝试哪些？为什么？）
（以上表达个性的方式中，你尝试过哪些？你会考虑尝试哪些？为什么？）
【Teacher’s Guide 官方参考范例】：
“I’ve expressed my identity by dyeing my hair different colors—sometimes red, green, or blue.”
（“我曾通过把头发染成不同的颜色来彰显我的个性——有时染成红色、绿色或蓝色。”）
“I’ve expressed my identity by dyeing my hair different colors—sometimes red, green, or blue.”
（“我曾通过把头发染成不同的颜色来彰显我的个性——有时染成红色、绿色或蓝色。”）
📘 核心词汇矩阵与跟读打卡
criminal
0
/ˈkrɪmɪnl/
n./adj.
A person who has committed a crime.
crucial
0
/ˈkruːʃl/
adj.
Extremely important or necessary; vital.
external
0
/ɪkˈstɜːrnl/
adj.
Of, on, or relating to the outside or outer part.
fade
0
/feɪd/
v.
To gradually lose color, brightness, or strength.
leisure
0
/ˈleɪʒər/
n.
Time when one is not working or occupied; free time.
mature
0
/məˈtʃʊr/
adj./v.
Fully developed physically; adult or sensible.
permanent
0
/ˈpɜːrmənənt/
adj.
Lasting or intended to last indefinitely without change.
protective
0
/prəˈtektɪv/
adj.
Capable of or serving to protect against damage or injury.
sector
0
/ˈsektər/
n.
An area or portion that is distinct from others; industry segment.
status
0
/ˈsteɪtəs/
n.
The legal, social, or conservation condition of something.
✍️ 单元词汇专项强化 (Vocabulary Practice)
得分: 0 / 14 题
🎯 复习练习完成进度
0%
📘 A. 语篇选词填空 · 马来西亚伊班族纹身艺术 (Page 36)
共 5 题
Word Bank: [criminal] [crucial] [external] [fade] [mature] [permanent] [protective] [sector]
Complete the information using the words in the box. Three words are extra.
P36 Part A · Q1
1. Tattooing was traditionally a(n) ________ part of life for members of the Iban tribe of Sarawak, Malaysia.
（传统上，纹身是马来西亚砂拉越伊班族人生活中至关重要的核心部分。）
（传统上，纹身是马来西亚砂拉越伊班族人生活中至关重要的核心部分。）
P36 Part A · Q2
2. It was believed to have ________ powers—defending the Iban people from harm and disease.
（人们坚信这种精神艺术拥有庇护防护的力量——保护伊班人免受伤害与疾病侵袭。）
（人们坚信这种精神艺术拥有庇护防护的力量——保护伊班人免受伤害与疾病侵袭。）
P36 Part A · Q3
3. The dyes were ________ and could not be removed.
（这些染料是永久性的，一旦刺入便无法去除。）
（这些染料是永久性的，一旦刺入便无法去除。）
P36 Part A · Q4
4. Newly done Iban tattoos look dark, but they gradually ________ somewhat from sunlight, or as the dye is absorbed.
（新完成的伊班纹身颜色深黑，但在阳光照射或染料吸收后会逐渐褪色变淡。）
（新完成的伊班纹身颜色深黑，但在阳光照射或染料吸收后会逐渐褪色变淡。）
P36 Part A · Q5
5. Today, for a growing ________ of Iban society, Western tattoos are more popular than traditional designs.
（如今，对于伊班社会中越来越多的群体而言，西方现代纹身比传统图案更受欢迎。）
（如今，对于伊班社会中越来越多的群体而言，西方现代纹身比传统图案更受欢迎。）
📗 B. 核心词释义辨析练习 (Page 36)
共 5 题 · 二选一辨析
P36 Part B · Q1
1. A criminal is a person who ________ the law.
（罪犯是指……法律的人。）
（罪犯是指……法律的人。）
P36 Part B · Q2
2. A leisure activity is one you enjoy doing when you ________ working.
（休闲活动是指你在……工作时喜欢进行的活动。）
（休闲活动是指你在……工作时喜欢进行的活动。）
P36 Part B · Q3
3. Something external is on the ________.
（外部的/外在的事物是指位于……）
（外部的/外在的事物是指位于……）
P36 Part B · Q4
4. You are more likely to describe a ________ as mature.
（你更有可能将下列哪个人描述为“成熟的”？）
（你更有可能将下列哪个人描述为“成熟的”？）
P36 Part B · Q5
5. A person’s status relates to their ________ in society.
（一个人的 status（地位/身份）与他们在社会中的何种属性相关？）
（一个人的 status（地位/身份）与他们在社会中的何种属性相关？）
📕 C. Collocations · permanent 高频搭配 (Page 36)
共 4 题
💡 Collocations Strategy (与形容词 permanent 构成的经典地道名词搭配):
Word Bank:
Word Bank:
address (固定住址) basis (长期/固定方式) damage (永久损伤) housing (永久住房 - 多余项) resident (永久居民)
P36 Part C · Q1
1. Excessive sunburn can cause permanent ________ to your skin.
（过度的日光暴晒会对你的皮肤造成永久性的损伤。）
（过度的日光暴晒会对你的皮肤造成永久性的损伤。）
P36 Part C · Q2
2. It’s helpful to have a permanent ________ to receive your mail.
（拥有一个固定的永久地址以便接收信件是非常方便的。）
（拥有一个固定的永久地址以便接收信件是非常方便的。）
P36 Part C · Q3
3. For foreign-born nationals, it can take many years to become a permanent ________ of Australia.
（对于外籍出生的人士而言，要成为澳大利亚的永久居民可能需要耗费多年时间。）
（对于外籍出生的人士而言，要成为澳大利亚的永久居民可能需要耗费多年时间。）
P36 Part C · Q4
4. Many part-time workers hope to get hired on a permanent ________.
（许多非全职员工都希望能以长期固定员工的形式被正式录用。）
（许多非全职员工都希望能以长期固定员工的形式被正式录用。）
🏆 3. Honor Certificate 课后荣誉通关证书
🏆 Reading Explorer 3 · 2B 荣誉通关证书
恭喜你完成了 Unit 2B · Skin: The Body’s Canvas (皮肤：人体的画布) 全部预习与复习挑战！
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