🪄 3B 词汇表
attack
/əˈtæk/
v./n.
📖 英文释义 · 词义解析
To try to hurt or defeat using violent physical force.
袭击，攻击
💬 课本原句例句
More likely, he was attacked while resting.
考古学家通过CT扫描发现，“冰人”奥茨生前曾遭遇敌人从背后发动的致命箭击。
beneath
/bɪˈniːθ/
prep./adv.
📖 英文释义 · 词义解析
In or to a lower position than; under something.
在...下方，在...底下
💬 课本原句例句
In June 2001, an X-ray of the body showed a small dark shape beneath Ötzi’s left shoulder.
他的遗体在阿尔卑斯山脉厚厚的永久冰川底下沉睡了五千余年才被登山者偶然发现。
chase
/tʃeɪs/
v.
📖 英文释义 · 词义解析
To hurry after someone or something in order to catch other things.
追赶，追逐
💬 课本原句例句
Perhaps Ötzi was being chased when he died?
受了重伤的奥茨当时可能正仓皇逃避敌对部落猎人们在崇山峻岭间的不舍追击。
cruelly
/ˈkruː.ə.li/
adv.
📖 英文释义 · 词义解析
In a way that causes great pain or suffering without caring.
残酷地，残忍地
💬 课本原句例句
A Bloody Discovery In fact, the newest scientific information indicates Ötzi was cruelly murdered.
五千年前这名勇敢的冰原猎手在酷寒绝顶上被无情残忍地射杀身亡。
enable
/ɪˈneɪ.bəl/
v.
📖 英文释义 · 词义解析
To make someone able to do something, or to make something possible.
使能够，使成为可能
💬 课本原句例句
And the food he ate and carried enabled scientists to know exactly where in Italy he lived—a village down in the valley.
现代纳米显微技术使科学家能够从他胃中提取出最后一餐未消化的食物残渣颗粒。
flee
/fliː/
v.
📖 英文释义 · 词义解析
To escape by running away, especially because of danger or fear.
逃跑，逃走
💬 课本原句例句
“[Once], the story was that he fled up there and walked around in the snow and probably died of exposure,” said scientist Klaus Oeggl.
在激烈的部落冲突爆发后，受伤的他拼尽全力逃往人迹罕至的高海拔山口。
frozen
/ˈfrəʊ.zən/
adj.
📖 英文释义 · 词义解析
Turned into ice, or preserved at very low temperatures.
冻结的，冰冻的
💬 课本原句例句
In 1991, high in the mountains of Europe, hikers made a shocking discovery: a dead man partly frozen in the ice.
冰川极其干冷的环境将这具古老的冰冻遗体以及他的衣物随身武器完好无损地保存至今。
indicate
/ˈɪn.dɪ.keɪt/
v.
📖 英文释义 · 词义解析
To show, point, or make clear in another way.
表明，显示，暗示
💬 课本原句例句
Carbon dating indicated that the man died over 5,300 years ago.
他的铜斧和随身工具表明，奥茨在当时的史前部落社群中享有相当崇高的社会地位。
leader
/ˈliː.dər/
n.
📖 英文释义 · 词义解析
A person in control of a group, country, or situation.
领袖，首领
💬 课本原句例句
This was a valuable tool in Ötzi’s time and suggests that he may have been a local leader.
随葬精美罕见的铜质器具让许多历史学家推测他生前或许正是所在村落的首领。
likely
/ˈlaɪ.kli/
adj./adv.
📖 英文释义 · 词义解析
Probable or reasonably expected to happen or be true.
可能的，大概的
💬 课本原句例句
It isn’t likely, as Ötzi’s other injuries, on his hand and head, had already started to close.
法医分析显示，左肩处遭遇的暗箭射击极可能是最终夺去他性命的直接原因。
📖 课文原文 · Who Killed the Iceman?
Paragraph A
In 1991, high in the mountains of Europe, hikers made a shocking discovery: a dead man partly frozen in the ice.
The police investigation soon became a scientific one.
Carbon dating1 indicated that the man died over 5,300 years ago.
Today, he is known as the Iceman and nicknamed “Ötzi” for the Ötztal Alps where he was found.
Kept in perfect condition by the ice, he is the oldest complete human body found on Earth.
Paragraph B · Who Was the Iceman?
Who Was the Iceman?
Scientists believe Ötzi was an important person in his village.
Examinations of his teeth and skull tell us he was in his mid-forties when he died.
The things he carried also tell us about who he was.
His knife was made of stone, but he carried a copper2 ax.
This was a valuable tool in Ötzi’s time and suggests that he may have been a local leader.
A fire-starting kit was discovered with him, so we know he could make fire.
And the food he ate and carried enabled scientists to know exactly where in Italy he lived—a village down in the valley.
Paragraph C · Clues to an Ancient Murder
Clues to an Ancient Murder
But why did Ötzi die in such a high and icy place?
Some said he was a lost farmer or shepherd.3
Others thought he was killed in a religious ceremony.
No one knows for sure.
Paragraph D
Over the years, tiny scientific discoveries have led to great changes in our understanding of Ötzi’s story.
“[Once], the story was that he fled up there and walked around in the snow and probably died of exposure,”4 said scientist Klaus Oeggl.
“Now it’s all changed. … It’s more like a … crime scene.”
Paragraph E · A Bloody Discovery
A Bloody Discovery
In fact, the newest scientific information indicates Ötzi was cruelly murdered.
In June 2001, an X-ray of the body showed a small dark shape beneath Ötzi’s left shoulder.
It was the stone head of an arrow that had hit him from behind.
CT scans showed that this caused an injury that killed him very quickly.
Paragraph F
Then, in 2003, an Australian scientist discovered the blood of four other people on Ötzi’s clothes.
Was Ötzi killed in a fight?
It isn’t likely, as Ötzi’s other injuries, on his hand and head, had already started to close.
This means there probably was a fight, but it happened much earlier.
Paragraph G
Perhaps Ötzi was being chased when he died?
In 2010, scientists took the mummy out of the cold and examined him again.
They discovered that just before his death, he had a big meal of bread and goat meat.
In 2018, further analysis of his stomach showed Ötzi had also eaten deer meat.
Would someone being chased stop to eat a large meal?
The scientists don’t think so.
More likely, he was attacked while resting.
He may have thought he had escaped and was safe.
Today, the research continues, proving some of these ideas as false while opening the door to others.
Ötzi, it seems, has more to tell us about his life and the time in which he lived.
📌 课本原版注释 (Footnotes):
1. Carbon dating: A scientific method of finding out how old an object is.（碳定年法：一种测定物体年代的科学方法）
2. Copper: A soft, reddish brown metal.（铜：一种柔软的红棕色金属）
3. Shepherd: A person who takes care of sheep.（牧羊人：照管羊群的人）
4. Exposure: The harmful effect on your body from very cold weather.（严寒暴露：严寒天气对身体造成的伤害/失温症）
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Before You Read · p.45
A. A mummy, known as the “Iceman,” was found in the Alps in 1991. What kind of man do you think he was, and how do you think he died?
Reading Comprehension · p.48
A. Choose the best answer for each question.
1. What was the most likely cause of Ötzi’s death?
2. Where was Ötzi found?
3. What did the food in Ötzi’s stomach prove?
4. The cut on Ötzi’s right hand showed that ______.
5. Konrad Spindler believed that Ötzi ______.
B. Put the events of Ötzi’s final days in order (1–5).
1. Event 1
2. Event 2
3. Event 3
4. Event 4
5. Event 5
Reading Skill · p.49
Reading Skill Strategy
Distinguishing Fact from Speculation
A fact is something that is true or can be proven with direct evidence.
A speculation is an educated guess based on some evidence, but cannot be proven completely. Clues include modal verbs (may, might, could) and adverbs (probably, perhaps, likely).
A & B. Determine whether each statement from the reading is a Fact (F) or Speculation (S).
1. He was found in the mountains.
2. He died over 5,300 years ago.
3. He was an important person in his village.
4. Blood from four people was found on his clothes.
5. He had an arrow head in his left shoulder.
6. He had been in a fight before his death.
7. The fight occurred several days earlier.
8. He ate a large meal before he died.
9. He was resting when he was attacked.
10. He thought he was safe.
Critical Thinking · Evaluating Theories. How well supported are the theories about Ötzi’s death? Explain your opinion.
📘 3B 核心词汇
点击发音跟读，展开中文释义检查记忆。
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袭击，攻击跟读 0 次
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追赶，追逐跟读 0 次
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使能够，使成为可能跟读 0 次
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冻结的，冰冻的跟读 0 次
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表明，显示，暗示跟读 0 次
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可能的，大概的得分: 0
Vocabulary Practice A · p.50
Match each word with its definition.
1. If something is ______ to happen, it will probably happen.
2. To ______ something means to suggest or show it to be true.
3. If something is ______, it has become very hard because of the cold.
4. If you ______ something to happen, you help make it possible.
Vocabulary Practice B · Completion
Complete the information with the correct form of the words in the box.
attack · beneath · chase · cruel · flee · leader
attack · beneath · chase · cruel · flee · leader
1. Ötzi’s killers probably ______ him while he was resting.
2. In Ötzi’s time, a ______ carried better equipment than ordinary men.
3. Ötzi’s mummy was buried ______ the ice and snow for thousands of years.
4. It is unlikely that someone ______ the Iceman up the mountain. Evidence suggests Ötzi had stopped to eat a meal.
5. It is possible that Ötzi ______ to the mountain because of something that happened earlier.
6. Ötzi’s attackers were ______ to leave him to die in the cold.
Vocabulary Practice C · Collocations
The nouns in the box are frequently used with the adjective cruel. Complete the sentences using the correct words.
act · comment · death · trick
act · comment · death · trick
1. The murder of Ötzi was a really cruel ______.
2. The Iceman suffered a cruel ______ out in the cold.
3. The children played a cruel ______ on their parents.
4. In the morning, he was sorry for the cruel ______ he’d posted online.
🏆 Reading Explorer 2 · 3B 荣誉通关证书
Who Killed the Iceman? (谁杀死了冰人奥茨？)
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